(where the variants

ὑπισχνέομαι, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] ὑπίσχομαι Od.8.347, Hdt.5.30, al., also A.Eu. 804, Ar.Fr. 615, IG22.1126.11 (Delph. Amphict.), Schwyzer 323 A14 (Delph., iv B. C.); [tense] impf.

A

ὑπίσχετο Il.23.195

,

ὑπίσχεο 20.84

,

ὑπίσχοντο Hdt.7.168

; but Hdt. also has

ὑπισχνέετο 9.109

(v.l. for -έεται);

ὑπισχνεύμενος 2.152

;

ὑπισχνοῦμαι S.Ichn.2

; imper.

ὑπισχνοῦ Ar.V. 750

(anap.): [tense] fut.

ὑποσχήσομαι D.19.324

: [tense] aor.

ὑπεσχόμην Il.9.263

, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὑπέσχημαι Th.8.48

, X.Oec.3.1, D. 7.33, etc.: plpt.

ὑπέσχητο Id.19.121

:—[voice] Act.

ὑπισχνέω Aesop.205

.— collat. form of ὑπέχομαι, which supplies several of its tenses, and even in [tense] pres. is used = ὑπισχνέομαι, App.Mith.16,20, PBrem.36.10, PRyl.96.9, PGiss.5.10 (all ii A. D.), etc. ( ὑπίσχομαι was replaced by ὑπισχνέομαι under the influence of the opposite ἀρνέομαι):—take upon oneself, i. e. undertake to do,

δείδω μὴ οὔ τίς τοι ὑπός χηται τόδε ἔργον Il.10.39

;

τροφαῖσι βασιλικαῖσι καὶ παιδεύμασιν ἅπανθ' ὑπισχνεῖθ' ὡς ἀπὸ σπλάγχνων ἑῶν Ezek.Exag.38

(s.v.l.): more freq., promise,

ὑποσχέσθαι δ' ἑκατόμβας Il.6.115

, cf. 23.195;

ὅσσα τοι.. ὑπέσχετο δῶρα 9.263

;

βουλέων, ἅς τέ μοι αὐτὸς ὑ. 12.236

, cf. 20.84;

ὑ. δαπάνην τῇ στρατιῇ Hdt.5.30

; [

πόλεσιν] ὀλιγαρχίαν Th.8.48

, etc.: with a thing as subject,

τῆς τῶν ὀδόντων ἀναφυήσεως ὑπισχνουμένης τὴν τῶν στερεμνιωτέρων διαίρεσιν καὶ λείωσιν Sor.1.116

; τὰ στύφειν ὑπισχνούμενα ib. 120.

b c. inf. [tense] fut.,

ὑπό τ' ἔσχετο—καὶ κατένευσε—δωσέμεναι Il.13.368

, cf. Od.4.6; ὑ.—καὶ κατένευσεν—Ἴλιον ἐκπέρσαντ'.. ἀπονέεσθαι (for this Verb has a [tense] fut. sense) Il.2.112, 9.19;

ὑ. Ἑλένην.. δωσέμεν Ἀτρεΐδῃσιν ἄγειν 22.114

;

ὑ. δυοκαίδεκα βοῦς.. ἱερευσέμεν 6.93

; so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ph. 615, E.Tr. 930, Pl.Phdr. 235d, etc.; also ὑ. ἦ μὴν.., c. inf. [tense] fut., X.Cyr.6.2.3: c. acc. et inf. [tense] fut.,

ἐγὼ δέ τοι αὐτὸν ὑπίσχομαι.. τείσειν Od.8.347

, cf. A.Eu. 804.

c c. inf. [tense] aor., only f.l., as in X.An.1.2.2, 2.3.19 (where the variants παύσεσθαι, βουλεύσεσθαι are now accepted), while in Cyr.2.2.12, 6.1.21, An.7.2.24 he uses inf. [tense] fut.; in D.42.17, for ἀποφαίνειν Cobet restores ἀποφανεῖν.

d freq. with a neut. Adj.,

μεγάλα ὑ. Hdt. 2.152

, al.: without acc., ὑπίσχεται ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ she makes promises to each man, Od.2.91;

ὑπισχνέεται καὶ ὤμοσε Hdt.9.109

, cf. 5.51;

ἠρώτα αὐτὴν εἰ ἐθελήσει διακονῆσαί οἱ, καὶ ἣ ὑπέσχετο τάχιστα Antipho 1.16

;

ὑποσχόμενος.., ἃ ὑπεδέζατο οὐκ ἐπετέλει Th.2.95

.

2 c. inf. [tense] pres., profess that one is, profess to be,

ὑ. οἷός τε εἶναι Hdt.7.104

;

οὐδεὶς ὑπέσχετο εἰδέναι Id.2.28

, cf. Pl.Sph. 234b, Tht. 178e; also, profess to do a thing,

ὑ. ποιεῖν ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς πολίτας Id.Prt. 319a

, cf. Sph. 232d;

θεοὺς ὑ. πείθειν Id.Lg. 909b

;

ὑ. συστρατεύεσθαι X.An.7.7.31

(- σεσθαι Cobet); with

ὡς, ὑ. ὡς.. ἐπίσταδαι Pl. Ion 541e

.

3 consent, οὐχ ὑπέσχετο λαβεῖν τιμὴν (price)

ἀλλ' ἐχαρίσατο Sammelb.7457.8

(ii B. C.).

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `distraught, crazed'

Other forms: Voc. also ἠλέ (Il.); ἀλεός (- αι- cod.) ὁ μάταιος, ἄφρων. Αἰσχύλος H., ἀλεόφρων παράφρων H. Denomin. verb ἀλεώσσειν μωραίνειν H. Adj.-abstract ἠλοσύνη (Nic., late. Epic.; s. Pfeiffer Philol. 92, 1ff., 8, A. 14), Aeol. ἀλοσύνα (Theoc. 30, 12), prob. metric. for ἠλεο-, ἀλεο-.

Derivatives: Beside it ἤλιθα adv. 1. `very much, exceedingly' (Hom., always ἤλιθα πολλή(ν); A. R.; on the development of the meaning Bq 320 n. 2), 2. `in vain, to no purpose' (Call., A. R.); the formation has in the local and temporal adv. in - θα ( ἔνθα, δηθά, μίνυνθα) and in the numer. adv. διχθά a. o. an incomplete parallel. From here ἠλίθιος (Dor. ἀλ-) `idle, vain, foolish' (Pi., IA; hελιθιον adv. IG 1<sup>2</sup>, 975 [VI<sup>a</sup>]) with ἠλιθι-ώδης (Philostr.), - ότης (Att.), - όω (A.), - άζω (Ar.). - Here prob. also ἠλέματος (Aeol. Dor. ἀλ-) `idle, foolish' (Sapph., Alk., Theoc.)?

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Formation unclear, improbable Bechtel Dial. 1, 44 (haplological for *ἠλεμόματος). - Difficult is the analysis of the verbs ἀλλο-φρονέω `be senseless' (Hom., Hdt.) and ἀλλο-φάσσω `to be delirious' (Hp.). Acc. to Fick, followed by Bechtel Lex. s. ἀλλοφρονέω, ἠλεός and Leumann Hom. Wörter 116 n. 82, the 1. member has an Aeolic variant of ἠλεός, i. e. *ἆλλος \< *ἀ̄λι̯ος (from where the vok. *ἆλλε = ἠλέ Ο 128); cf. ἀλεό-φρων above. Later it was derived from ἄλλος (thus Hdt. 7, 205). As the medical expression ἀλλοφάσσω cannot be Aeolic, it must have been formed after ἀλλοφρονέω or contain the pronom. ἄλλος; s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 309 n. 82. Formed like ἐνεός, κενεός, ἐτεός a. o., ἠλεός recalls ἠλάσκω, ἀλάομαι, but further has no cognate. Not to Dor. *ἀ̄λεά (WP. 1, 88, after Prellwitz BB 20, 303) in Lat. ālea `game with dices'. - The variants ἠλεός, ἀλαιός (H.) point to a noun in - ay-(os), with ay \> ey \> e; Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes s.v. 6. αι\/ει. Also the suffix - ιθ- is Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek suff.) The form αλλ(ο)- seems derived from *al^y(o)- with palatal. -l- which gave λλ; but I do not know what the relation was between ālay- and āl^y-. Or does it derive from * alyo-, a reduced form of *ālayo-? I have no opinion on ἠλεματος.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: 1. `a prickly crustacean' (Epich., Ar., Arist.; cf. Thompson Fishes s. v.), metaph. a light canoo (EM); 2. `a horned beetle' (Arist.).

Other forms: σκορόβυλος κάνθαρος H.

Derivatives: καραβίς `kind of sea-crab' (Gal., Sch.), καράβιον = ἐφόλκιον (H. s. ἐφόλκια, sch.); prob. also καραβαία δίκρουν ξύλον H. (s. Grošelj Razprave 2, 11). - Beside it κηραφίς = καραβίς (Nic. Al. 394) (sec. after the names in - φ(ο)-; and epic language imitating η for α?).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unknown; cf. Cohen BSL 27 (1927) 100, wo gives several similar Arabic words. Acc. to Bq s. v. - βος un-Greek (Macedonian) for Gr. - φος \< IE. - bho-. Fur. (index s.v.) connects several words; first there is καρβάρεοι κάραβοι; then there is a prenasalized form καράμβιος (Ar. Byz. Epit. 9, 11; v.l. Arist. HA 551^b17), and κεράμβυξ s.v. (Nic. Fr. 39, H.) and κεράμβηλον Η. (- ηλο- is well known from Pre-Greek), which cannot be derived from κέρας (as Frisk suggests). He further posits *σκαραβαῖος on the basis of Lat. scarabaeus, which seems unavoidable. The form σκορόβυλος no doubt continues *σκαραβ-υλ-, where the α's turned to - ο- before the - υ- in the following syllable (Fur. 340 discusses the phenomenon, but did not see that it operated here); so here we have evidence for σκαραβ. Then there is γραψαῖος (Diph. Siph. ap. Ath. 3, 106d) = κάραβος, which he assumes to stand for *γαρψαῖος (doubtful, s.v.). Further s. on σκορπίος (which in my view does not belong here). It is clear that we have here a Pre-Greek word with several of its usual variants. So we have * (s)karab-. - From κάραβος Lat. cārabus `crab', `small boat' (with Rom., e. g. Fr. caravelle) and a Slavic word for `ship', e. g. Russ. koráblь; s. Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v. with lit. and crit.

Page in Frisk: 1,785

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `head, bulb of garlic' (Ξ 499, Nic.), κώδεα, - υια, -ύᾱ, - ία (Delos, Att. inscr., Arist., Thphr.); also other plants and comparable objects.

Derivatives: κώδυον `head of purse-tassels' (Thphr.; as κάρυον: καρύη).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unexplained. After Scheftelowitz BB 28, 148 to κῶος `hollow, prison'; against Kalén Quaest. gramm. graecae 24, where also extensively on the diff. forms ( κώδυια oldest form). To Lith. kuõdas `crown of the head, bush of feathers' (by Prellwitz wrongly compared with κώδεια) s. Fraenkel Wb. s. kuodẽlis. - Fur. 195, 198 Pre-Greek because of the variants; he compares words for `cup', e.g. κώδων `closk' (s. v.), Etr. qutum. Cf. Beekes, FS Watkins (1998) 25f., Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes sub - αι-\/- ε(ι)-.

See also: Vgl. κώδων.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `moustache' (Antiph. 44.4 ap. Ath. 4, 143a)

Other forms: Cf. βύσταγα πώγωνα H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Explained as a reshaping of μύσταξ after βυνέω (comparing βῦσαι ἐπιθεῖναι, φορτῶσαι, κρύψαι H.), which is most improbable. Acc. to Güntert Reimwortbildungen 128 a foreign word. Evidently a Pre-Gr. word with β\/μ (Fur. 116, 218; cf. κ\/γ); see the further variants s.v. μύσταξ. A typical example where the evidence for Pre-Gr. origin is explained away by all kinds of analogies and influences.

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νῖκος, ους, τό (Manetho, Apot. 1, 358; Orph., Argon. 587; Polemo 1, 12 p. 6, 16; Vett. Val. 358, 5; IG XII/5, 764, 2; BGU 1002, 14 [55 B.C.]; LXX; SibOr 14, 334; 339; Lob. on Phryn. p. 647) late form for ἡ νίκη (JWackernagel, Hellenistica 1907, 26f; EFraenkel, Glotta 4, 1913, 39ff; B-D-F §51, 1; Mlt-H. 126; 381).

① victory ποῦ σου θάνατε τὸ ν.; where, O Death, is your victory? 1 Cor 15:55a (after Hos 13:14, where our LXX mss. read ποῦ ἡ δίκη σου, θ. [s. WDittmar, V.T. in Novo 1903, 217 and s. on κέντρον 1], but Paul, influenced by vs. 54, substitutes νῖκος for δίκη; EEllis, Paul’s Use of the OT, ’57, 140). In κατεπόθη ὁ θάνατος εἰς νῖκος death is swallowed up in (or by) victory vs. 54, νῖκος agrees w. the improvement which Theod. made in the LXX wording of Is 25:8 (s. ARahlfs, ZNW 20, 1921, 183f; JZiegler, Is. ’39 ad loc.). Vss. 54 and 55 have the v.l. νεῖκος, q.v. διδόναι τινὶ τὸ ν. give someone the victory vs. 57 (cp. 1 Esdr 3:9; 2 Macc 10:38; Jos., Ant. 6, 145). ἕως ἂν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς ν. τὴν κρίσιν until he leads justice to victory Mt 12:20 (cp. 2 Km 2:26 and variants in Field, Hexapla and the Cambridge LXX; s. κρίσις, end).

② the prize of victory, abstr. for concr. (4 Macc 17, 12 τὸ νῖκος ἀφθαρσία) παραδοὺς αὐτῇ τὸ ν. ὸ̔ ἔλαβες give over to it the prize of victory you have won Hm 12, 2, 5 (perh. a phrase like νῖκος λαβών is to be supplied earlier in the sentence).—DELG s.v. νίκη. M-M. TW.

πῦρ, ός, τό (Hom.+) fire

ⓐ of earthly fire, as an important element in creation Dg 7:2.—Mt 17:15; Mk 9:22; Ac 28:5; Js 5:3 (cp. 4 Macc 15:15); ITr 2:3. Melting lead 2 Cl 16:3. Necessary for forging metals Dg 2:3. Testing precious metals for purity 1 Pt 1:7; Hv 4, 3, 4; in metaphor Rv 3:18. For ἄνθρακες πυρός Ro 12:20 s. ἄνθραξ. For κάμινος (τοῦ) πυρός (Iren. 5, 5, 2 [Harv. II 332, 2) 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 8:2 s. κάμινος. For βάλλειν εἰς (τὸ) π. s. βάλλω 1b.—περιάπτειν πῦρ kindle a fire Lk 22:55. κατακαίειν τι πυρί burn someth. (up) with fire, in a pass. construction Mt 13:40; τινὰ ἐν πυρὶ Rv 17:16 (v.l. without ἐν). Pass. construction 18:8. ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακαίεσθαι MPol 5:2 (κατακαίω, end). πῦρ καιόμενον 11:2b (καίω 1a). πυρὶ καίεσθαι Hb 12:18; Rv 8:8 (καίω 1a). Fire is used in comparisons γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Ac 2:3 (Ezek. Trag. 234 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14] ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ φέγγος ὡς πυρὸς ὤφθη ἡμῖν). φλὸξ πυρός a flame of fire (Ex 3:2; Is 29:6; PsSol 15:4; JosAs 14:9): ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός Rv 1:14; cp. 2:18; 19:12.—Of a Christian worker who has built poorly in the congregation it is said σωθήσεται ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved as if through (the) fire, i.e. like a person who must pass through a wall of fire to escape fr. a burning house (Ps.-Crates, Ep. 6 [=Malherbe p. 56] κἂν διὰ πυρός; Jos., Ant. 17, 264 διὰ τοῦ πυρός; Diod S 1, 57, 7; 8 διὰ τοῦ φλογὸς … σωθείς from a burning tent) 1 Cor 3:15 (HHollander, NTS 40, ’94, 89–104; s. σῴζω 3). Cp. Jd 23 (ἁρπάζω 2a).—Of the torture of a loyal confessor by fire IRo 5:3; ISm 4:2; MPol 2:3; 11:2a; 13:3; 15:1f; 16:1; 17:2; cp. Hb 11:34; in imagery of Rome ἀπέρχομαι εἰς κάμινον πυρός AcPl Ha 6, 20 (cp. b below).

ⓑ of fire that is heavenly in origin and nature (cp. Diod S 4, 2, 3 of the ‘fire’ of lightning, accompanying the appearance of Zeus; 16, 63, 3 τὸ θεῖον πῦρ; Just., D. 88, 3 πῦρ ἀνήφθη ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῳ [at Jesus’ baptism]. In gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 14]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 9, 5.—Orig., C. Cels. 4, 13, 19): an angel appears to Moses ἐν φλογὶ πυρὸς βάτου in the flame of a burning thorn-bush Ac 7:30 (s. Ex 3:2; cp. Just., A I, 62, 3 ἐν ἰδέᾳ πυρός.—PKatz, ZNW 46, ’55, 133–38). God makes τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πυρὸς φλόγα (cp. Ps 103:4, esp. in the v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3. Corresp., there burn before the heavenly throne seven λαμπάδες πυρός Rv 4:5 and the ‘strong angel’ 10:1 has πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, but both of these pass. fit equally well in a. Fire appears mostly as a means used by God to execute punishment: in the past, in the case of Sodom ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ Lk 17:29 (Gen 19:24; cp. 1QH 3:31). Cp. Lk 9:54 (4 Km 1:10, 12; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24, 13] ἐξ οὐρανοῦ; Jos., Ant. 9, 23 πῦρ ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν). Quite predom. in connection w. the Last Judgment: the end of the world διʼ αἵματος καὶ πυρός Hv 4, 3, 3; cp. Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3. Also Sib-Or 4, 173; 5, 376f); Rv 8:7. κόσμος αἴρεται ἐν πυρί AcPl Ha 2, 26; 9, 11. The Judgment Day ἐν πυρὶ ἀποκαλύπτεται makes its appearance with fire 1 Cor 3:13a; cp. 13b (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 … Fegfeuer? ’55); 2 Pt 3:7 (on first-century cosmological views s. FDowning, L’AntCl 64, ’95, 99–109, esp. 107f). When Jesus comes again he will reveal himself w. his angels ἐν πυρὶ φλογός (cp. Sir 45:19) 2 Th 1:8. Oft. in Rv: fire is cast fr. heaven upon the earth 8:5; 13:13; 20:9 (καταβαίνω 1b). It proceeds fr. the mouths of God’s two witnesses 11:5 and fr. the mouths of plague-bringing horses 9:17f. See 16:8. For πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 s. ζῆλος 1, end. ἡ χείρ μου πυρὶ ἀποπίπτει ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ my hand falls off me from (burning in) the fire GJs 20:1 (codd.).—The fire w. which God punishes sinners (cp. ApcSed 4:1 κόλασις καὶ πῦρ ἐστιν ἡ παίδευσίς σου) οὐ σβέννυται (cp. Is 66:24) Mk 9:48; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5. Hence it is called (s. PGM 5, 147 τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἀθάνατον): (τὸ) πῦρ (τὸ) αἰώνιον (4 Macc 12:12; TestZeb 10:3; GrBar 4:16; Just., A I, 21, 6 al.; Tat. 17, 1; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 9]) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (opp. τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρόσκαιρον 10:8). πῦρ ἄσβεστον (ἄσβεστος 1) Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 45 v.l.; Lk 3:17; 2 Cl 17:7; IEph 16:2; AcPl Ha 1, 22. It burns in the γέεννα (τοῦ) πυρός (ApcEsdr 1:9 p. 25, 1 Tdf.; s. γέεννα and cp. En 10:13 τὸ χάος τοῦ πυρός) Mt 5:22; 18:9 (cp. 1QS 2:7f); Mk 9:47 v.l.; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus not recorded elsewhere). ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς (καὶ θείου) Rv 19:20; 20:10, 14ab, 15 (cp. Jos As 12, 10 ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρός); cp. Rv 21:8; 14:10, 18; 15:2. The fiery place of punishment as ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός Mt 13:42, 50 (difft. AcPl Ha 6, 20 see at the end of a, above). τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ fire awaits that person AcPlCor 2:37. The fire of hell is also meant in certain parables and allegories, in which trees and vines represent persons worthy of punishment Mt 3:10; 7:19; Lk 3:9; J 15:6. The one whose coming was proclaimed by John the Baptist βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; whether πῦρ in Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16 refers to reception of the Holy Spirit (esp. in Lk 3:16) or to the fire of divine judgment is debatable; for association of πῦρ with πνεῦμα s. Ac 2:3f; AcPlCor 2:13 (βαπτίζω 3b). As Lord of Judgment God is called πῦρ καταναλίσκον Hb 12:29 (Dt 4:24; 9:3.—Mesomedes calls Isis πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον [IAndrosIsis p. 145, 14]).—Of a different kind is the idea that fire is to be worshiped as a god (Maximus Tyr. 2, 4b of the Persians: πῦρ δέσποτα; Theosophien 14 p. 170, 11 τὸ πῦρ ἀληθῶς θεός) Dg 8:2.

ⓒ fig. (Just., D. 8, 1 πῦρ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀνήφθη; Chariton 2, 4, 7 πῦρ εἰς τ. ψυχήν; Ael. Aristid. 28, 110 K.=49 p. 527 D.: τὸ ἱερὸν κ. θεῖον πῦρ τὸ ἐκ Διός; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 5; PGrenf I=Coll. Alex. p. 177 ln. 15 [II B.C.] of the fire of love; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21] of God’s wrath) ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ Js 3:6 (s. γλῶσσα 1a). The saying of Jesus πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 12:49 seems, in the context where it is now found, to refer to the fire of discord (s. vss. 51–53). πῦρ is also taken as fig. in Agr 3, the sense of which, however, cannot be determined w. certainty (s. Unknown Sayings, 54–56) ὁ ἐγγύς μου ἐγγὺς τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας (cp. ἐγγύς 3; ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ πυρός as someth. dangerous also Chariton 6, 3, 9). On the difficult pass. πᾶς πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται Mk 9:49 and its variants s. ἁλίζω and cp. ἅλας b (s. also NColeman, JTS 24, 1923, 381–96, ET 48, ’37, 360–62; PHaupt, Salted with Fire: AJP 45, 1924, 242–45; AFridrichsen, Würzung durch Feuer: SymbOsl 4, 1926, 36–38; JdeZwaan, Met vuur gezouten worden, Mc 9:49: NThSt 11, 1928, 179–82; RHarris, ET 48, ’37, 185f; SEitrem, Opferritus u. Voropfer der Griechen u. Römer 1915, 309–44. JBauer, TZ 15, ’59, 446–50; HZimmermann [Mk 9:49], TQ 139, ’59, 28–39; TBaarda [Mk 9:49], NTS 5, ’59, 318–21).—B. 71; RAC VII 786–90; BHHW I 479f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

μερίς, ίδος, ἡ (s. μερίζω and three next entries; Antiphon, Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol; TestJob 38:2; 41:5; Test12Patr; Philo; Jos., Ant. 11, 292, Vi. 36; Just.).

① a portion of a whole that has been divided, part (Pla., Soph. p. 266a; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 14 Jac.; Diod S 15, 31, 2; 15, 64, 1 [where comparison with 15, 63, 4 τέτταρα μέρη … ἡ πρώτη μερίς shows that it is not necessary to assume that there is a difference in the meanings of these word-forms]. In ins and pap oft.=district: OGI 177, 9; 179, 8; PPetr III, 32 recto, 3 τῆς Θεμίστου μερίδος; BGU 975, 6 [45 A.D.]; PTebt 302, 4; 315, 13; Diod S 1, 54, 3; Josh 18:6). The wording of Ac 16:12 v.l in describing Philippi ἥτις ἐστὶν πρώτη τῆς μερίδος Μακεδονίας πόλις (vv.ll., among others, πρ. τῆς μερ. τῆς Μακ.; πρ. τῆς Μακ.) is difficult because of τῆς μερίδος.The transl. leading city of the district of Macedonia (e.g. Beyer, Steinmann, Bauernfeind, NRSV) is tolerable only through lack of a better one. As far as the form is concerned, the article is lacking w. πρώτη, and as far as subject matter goes, Philippi was not the capital city (which πρώτη means in such a context: Ps.-Scylax, Peripl. 35 [BFabricius 1878]; schol. on Pind., O. 8, 1h; cp. 6, 144g; Eunap. 7; 96; Procop., Aedif. 5, 4, 18 μητρόπολις … οὕτω πόλιν τ. πρώτην τοῦ ἔθνους καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι) either of the province of Macedonia or of any of its districts. The Nestle text follows Blass, who favored the conjecture of Johannes Clericus (LeClerc), and reads πρώτη[ς] μερίδος τῆς Μακεδονίας of the first district of Macedonia, w. ref. to the fact that the Romans (Livy 45, 29) divided Macedonia into four μερίδες=districts in 167 B.C. (so also Hoennicke, Preuschen, Wlh., Zahn; Field, Notes 124; EHaupt, Gefangenschaftsbriefe⁷ 1902, 83f; Belser; Zürcher Bibel ’31; Haenchen ad loc; RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 37f. On the textual variants, s. Metzger, Textual Commentary ad loc. S. also AClark and JLarsen s.v. κεφαλή 2b, end.—If the restoration of the apparently damaged text should result in a wording that would make it possible for πρώτη to refer to the progress of a journey, we might compare Arrian, Anab. 4, 23, 3 ἡ πρώτη καθʼ ὁδὸν πόλις; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 35 §137 Ariminum ἐστὶν Ἰταλίας πρώτη [i.e., πόλις] μετὰ τὴν Γαλατίαν=the first city in Italy after [leaving] Gaul; Ps.-Scylax §67: from Thessaly the πρώτη πόλις Μακεδονίας is Ἡράκλειον.—Linguistically πρ. πόλ. can, of course, be understood of time as well, and can mean the first city in connection with which someth. happens [Diod S 12, 67, 2 Acanthus was the first city, πρ. πόλ., to revolt from Athens]).

② share, portion (Demosth. 43, 82; Plut., Ages. 17, 5; Lucian, De Merc. Cond. 26; Vett. Val. 345, 16; SIG 1013, 4; BGU 996 III, 1; PLond III, 880, 18ff p. 9 [113 B.C.]; POxy 1482, 21; LXX) τὴν ἀγαθὴν μ. ἐκλέγεσθαι choose the better portion Lk 10:42 (fig., of food? Cp. Mft., transl., ‘Mary has chosen the best dish’, and s. Gen 43:34; 1 Km 9:23, but against him TGillieson, ET 59, ’47/48, 111f. For other reff. Field, Notes 63f; HAlmqvist, Plutarch u. d. NT ’46, 65). μ. κυρίου the Lord’s portion 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:9); cp. 30:1. τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου; what has a believer in common with an unbeliever? (i.e., with ref. to the same thing; on μετά s. below) 2 Cor 6:15. Sim. μετὰ μοιχῶν τὴν μερίδα σου ἐτίθεις you cast your lot w. adulterers 1 Cl 35:8 (Ps 49:18). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μ. οὐδὲ κλῆρος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have neither share nor lot in this matter Ac 8:21 (cp. Dt 12:12 οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ μ. οὐδὲ κλῆρος μεθʼ ὑμῶν.—μ. καὶ κλῆρος also TestSol 14:5 and Philo, Plant. 60.—μ. ἐν as 2 Km 20:1; TestJob 38:2 ἐν γῇ καὶ σποδῷ). ἡ μερὶς τοῦ κλήρου τῶν ἁγίων a share in the inheritance of the saints / holy ones (cp. 1QS 11:7f) Col 1:12.—DELG s.v. μείρομαι II p. 679. M-M. TW.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `strike, smite, hew, hammer, disable, tire out'

Other forms: Aor. κόψαι (Il.), pass. κοπῆναι (Att.), perf. κέκοφα (Att.), ep. ptc. κεκοπώς (Ν 60 with v. l. - φώς and - πών; Aeol.? Schwyzer 772; after Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 397 rather themat. aor.), midd. κέκομμαι (A.), fut. κόψω (Alc., Hippon.),

Compounds: very often with prefix in several meaning variants, e. g. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, προ-, περι-, συν-.

Derivatives: (Classif. not always clear): 1. κόπος prop. *`stroke' (so in E. Tr. 794 for trad. κτύπος?; cf. also A. Ch. 23), `pain, trouble, labour' (IA.); with κοπώδης `tiring' (Hp., Arist., hell.), κοπηρός `id.' (Hdn.); κοπόομαι, - όω `get tired, tire' (J., Plu. usw.) with κόπωσις (LXX), κοπάζω `get tired, leave off' (Ion. hell.) with κόπασμα (Tz.), κοπιάω ( ἐγ-, συγ-, προ-) `get tired' (IA.) with κοπιαρός `tiring' (Arist., Thphr.), κοπιάτης `land-labourer, digger' (Cod. Theod., Just.), κοπιώδης = κοπώδης (Hp., Arist.), κοπίαι ἡσυχίαι H. - 2. ( ἀπο-, ἐκ-, παρα-, προ- etc.) κοπή `hewing etc.' (IA.) with κόπαιον (Alciphr.), κοπάδιον (Gloss.) `piece', κοπάριον `sort of probe' (medic.), ( ἐγ-, ἐκ-)κοπεύς `oilstamper, chisel ' (hell.; Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 73). - 3. κόμμα ( διά-, ἀπό-, περί-) `cut in, stamp, part' (IA.) with κομμάτιον `small part' (Eup.), κομματίας `who speaks in short sentences' (Philostr.), - ατικός `consisting of short sentences' (Luc.); 4. κομμός `beat the breast, dirge' (A., Arist.). - 5. κόπις, - ιδος m. `prater' (Heraklit. 81 [?], E. Hec. 132 [lyr.], Lyc.), cf. ὠτοκοπεῖ κεφαλαλγει, ἐνοχλεῖ λαλῶν H., κόπτειν την ἀκρόασιν, δημο-κόπος = δημηγόρος (H.) etc. (Persson Beitr. 1, 162f.; s. also Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 48, v. Wilamowitz Herm. 62, 277f.; diff. on κόπις Pisani Acme 1, 324); here (or to κόπος?) κοπίζειν ψεύδεσθαι H.; 6. κοπίς, - ίδος f. `slaughtering knife, curved sabre' (Att.), also name of the meal on the first dayof the Hyacinthies in Sparta (Com.; cf. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 531) with κοπίζω `celebrate the K.' (Ath.); 7. κοπάς, - άδος f. `pruned, lopped' (Thphr.), `bush' (hell. pap.), ἐπι-κοπ-άς `land cleared of wood' (pap.). - 8. κοπετός = κομμός (Eup., LXX, Act. Ap.; from κόπος?; cf. Schwyzer 501 and Chantraine Formation 300). - 9. πρό-, ἀπό-, πρόσ-κοψις etc. from προ-κόπτειν etc. (Sapph., Hp., Arist.). - 10. κόπανον `slaughtering knife, axe' (A. Ch. 890), `pestle' (Eust.), from where κοπανίζω `pound' (LXX, Alex. Trall.) with κοπανισμός, κοπανιστήριον H.; ἐπικόπανον `chopping block' (hell.). - 11. κοπτός `pounded' (Cratin., Antiph.; cf. Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 18); κοπτή ( σησαμίς) `cake from pounded sesame' (hell. ep.), `Meerzwiebel, θαλάσσιον πράσον' (Ath.; which Fur. 318 A 5 considers as Pre-Greek), `pastille' (Dsc.); 12. ἐπι-, περι-κόπτης `satirist' resp. `stonecutter' (Timo resp. pap.), Προκόπτας = Προκρούστης (B. 18, 28); 13. ( ἀπο-, παρα-, προσ- usw.) κοπτικός (medic.) - 14. κόπτρα pl. `wages of a hewer' (Pap.); 15. κοπτήριον `threshing place' (hell. pap.). - 16. Two plant-names: κοπίσκος = λίβανος σμιλιωτός (Dsc. 1, 68, 1), κόπηθρον φυτὸν λαχανῶδες ἄγριον H. - Further verbal nouns like ἀπό-, ἐπί-, παρά-, ὑπέρ-κοπος etc. and compounds like δημο-κόπος (cf. 5. above); s. Sturtevant ClassPhil. 3, 435ff.; on - κόπος, - κοπῶ in NGr. Hatzidakis Glotta 2, 292f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] ?? [cf. 930] * kop- `strike, smite, hew'

Etymology: The present κόπτω can agree with Lith. kapiù (inf. kàpti) `hew, fell'; nasal present kampù (pret. kapaũ, inf. kàpti) `be cut down, get tired' (cf. κόπος `labour') and uncharacterized Alb. kep `hew', IE. * kopō (not * kapō); (acc. to Mann Lang. 26, 386 from *kopi̯ō, identical with κόπτω?). Further the secondary formation Lith. kapóju, -óti `hew, split, cut down' = Latv. kapãju, -ât `id.', also in Slav., e. g. Russ. kopájo, -átь `hew, dig'. The relation of these forms to the many words with initial sk-, e. g. σκάπτω, σκέπαρνος (s. vv.), is an unsolved question; cf. Pok. 930ff., and W.-Hofmann s. cāpō. - If to σκάπτω etc. the word might be Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: name of a game at the Dionysia, at which two youngsters with the backs to each other tried to raise the other in high with a cord running through a pole (Poll. 9, 116, H.).

Other forms: σκαπαρδεῦσαι s. bel., also καπαρδ-, σκαρπαδ-

Derivatives: σκαπερδεῦσαι (Hippon. 3, 3), after H. = λοιδορῆσαι, after Tz. An. Ox. 3, 351 (where σκαπαρδεῦσαι) = συμμαχῆσαι. From H. also: καπαρδεῦσαι μαντεύσασθαι, σκαρπαδεῦσαι κρῖναι; σκάπαρδος ὁ ταραχώδης καὶ ἀνάγωγος, λακκοσκάπερδον λακκόπρωκτον. To this: καὶ πᾶν τὸ δυσχερες σκαπέρδα λέγεται καὶ ὁ πάσχων σκαπέρδης.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)

Etymology: As the proper meaning of σκαπέρδα remains unknown (prop. of the cord?; cf. σκαπέρδαν ἕλκειν in Poll. and Osthoff BB 29, 267ff.), all explanations are quite hypothetic; s. Masson Hipponax 104 w. lit. -- The word with its variants is clearly Pre-Greek; Furnée 351, 393.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `pole-reed, what is made of it, shaft of an arrow, pipe' (Il.).

Other forms: also δῶναξ, δοῦναξ (s. below), - ακος

Derivatives: δονακεύς `thicket of reeds' (Σ 576 - κῆα, lengthening at verse end?; cf. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 21f.), also `bird-catcher' (Opp. K. 1, 73) postverbal to δονακεύομαι `catch birds with a lime-stick' (AP); δονακών `thicket of reeds' (Paus.); δονακήματα αὑλήματα H.; s. Chantr. Form. 178. - δονακώδης `rich in reed' (B.), δονακόεις `id.' (E.), δονάκινος (H. s. κερκίδας; uncertain); δονακῖτις `made of reed', also plant name (AP; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71, 112, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 36); δονακηδόν `reed-like' (A.D.). (Uncertain Δονάκτας surname of Apollon (Theopomp. Hist. 281), perh. for Δονακίτης (Redard 208).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The forms δῶναξ (Theoc. 20, 29 beside δόναξ Ep. 2, 3 and Pi. P. 12, 25), δοῦναξ (AP) are explained as `Hyperdialektisierungen' (or, for δοῦναξ, as metrical lengthening, Schulze Q. 205). But this is not an explanation. They are more prob. variants of a Pre-Greek word (see Beekes, Pre-Greek, 6.1 on vowels, where we find ο\/ου and ου\/ω); this is confirmed by - αξ. - Mostly connected with δονέω `shake' (see the parallels in Strömberg Pflanzennamen 76f.), which is most doubtful. The comparison with Latv. duonis `reed' would require a long ō; the vowel of δόναξ would come from δονέω. (Not here Goth. tains `twig' etc.) - δόναξ is also the fish σωλήν (Ath.) - Nehring Glotta 14, 181 considers δόναξ as unGreek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to suspect, to expect, to think, to believe, to deem' (Od.); new presents: ὑπ-οίζεσθαι ὑπονοεῖν H., ὑπερ-οιάζομαι `to be arrogant, to be smug' (Phot., Suid.; also H.?).

Other forms: ὀΐομαι (Hom.), οἶμαι (trag., Att.; cf. below), also act. 1. sg. ὀΐω, οἴω (Hom.), οἰῶ (Lac. in Ar. a.o., Bechtel Dial. 2, 351), aor. ὀΐσ(σ)ασθαι, ὀϊσθῆναι (ep.), οἰη-θῆναι (ion. att.), - σασθαι (Arat.; Wackernagel Unt. 183 n. 1), fut. οἰή-σομαι (Att.), - θήσομαι (Gal.).

Compounds: Sometimes w. prefix, e.g. συν-.

Derivatives: οἴη-σις f. (IA.), - μα n. (Plu., D. C.) `conceit, smugness, belief, opinion' with - ματίας m. `prig' (Ptol., H., Suid.), - τικός `arrogant' (Ph.); ἀν-ώϊσ-τος `unimagined, unthought-of' (ep. Φ 39), - τί adv. (δ 92).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [not] *h₃u̯is- `suppose, assume, have the opinion'

Etymology: As original forms can be considered ὀΐομαι (ῑ), ὀΐω (ῑ and ῐ), with οἴομαι, οἴω as sentence-phonetic variants. From there arose in unstressed position the esp. as parenthetic form used οἶμαι with ipf. ᾤμην (Ar.) beside ᾠόμην (Schwyzer 280 a. 679 n. 7 with J. Schmidt KZ 38, 33; diff. Wackernagel KZ 30, 315 f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 678f., Brugmann IF 29, 229ff.). From ὀϊσθῆναι, ἀν-ώϊστος appears as basic form prob. *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι, from where ὀ(Ϝ)ίομαι, *ὄ(Ϝ)ι̯ομαι \> οἴομαι (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 29; 371f.; 405, 407). -- Further unclear. By Kretschmer KZ 31, 455 a.o. (s. Bq and W.-Hofmann s. ōmen) as *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι connected with Lat. ōmen `portent' (OLat. osmen) from *ou̯is-men. As however the nouns in - men are primary verbal derivations, this etymology is possible only on condition, that the disyllabic ou̯is-, which cannot be considered as verbal root, contains a prefix o-; this can be solved by assuming *h₃u̯is-, Beekes, Devel. 58. (Diff. on ōmen Porzig IF 42, 266). Thus Brugmann l. c. assumes a prefixal *ὀ-ίσ-ι̯ομαι, to Skt. ís-yati `set in quick movement' (s. on οἶμα); prop. meaning "come on something with my thinking", semantically rather uncertain. Similarly (to IE * eis- `move violently, push', but without prefix) Krogmann KZ 63, 131. -- An uncertain supposition on original impersonal use ( ὀΐεται μοι τ 312) in Debrunner Mus. Helv. 1, 43. On the middle form Schwyzer-Debrunner 234, Balmori Emer. 1, 42 ff.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `ape with long tale' (Arist., Str., Gal.)

Other forms: also κῆπος (Agatharch., Str. 16, 4, 16 v. l., Ael., where also κεῖπος and v.l. Str. 16, 4, 16) *κηφος because of Lat. cephus (Plin. Nat. 1, 18, 28 and 8, 70; cef(f)us Sol. 30, 22); in Lat. also ceppus (Pol. Silv.), caepus (v.l. Plin. Nat.8, 70 = *καῖπος?); from Fur. 176, 232, 235.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: As LW [loanword] to Skt. kapí-, Hebr. qōf, Oldegypt. qefi `ape of the land Punt'. Further origin unknown; the vowel suggests Egyptian. Diff. Grimme Glotta 14, 16 (Hitt.-Oriental.). Lewy Fremdw. 6, Mayrhofer KEWA s. kapíḥ, Masson, Emprunts sémit. 87 n. 5, Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968) 244. - The Greek (and Latin) variants poin to a Pre-Greek word.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `noise with a low tone' (Ion. -Att.)

Derivatives: βομβέω `give a low tone, hum' (Il.). - βομβάξ interjection, as ironic imitation of a swollen style (Ar. Th. 45), with intensive reduplikation βομβαλοβομβάξ (ibid. 48). - Related: βομβυλιός (accent. Hdn. 1, 116; Ion.-Att.) `humming insect', also vase with a small neck (from the sound when emptied), also βομβύλην λήκυθον H. and βομβυλία κρήνη ἐν Βοιωτίᾳ H.; - w. diff. meaning: βομβυλίδας πομφόλυγας H. `waterbubbles' - βόμβυξ, -ῡκος m. `low sounding flute, the lowest tone of a flute' (Ar.); βομβυκίας ( κάλαμος; Thphr.); Βομβύκᾱ f. name of a flute player (Theoc.); also `drone', with βομβύκιον kind of bee (Arist.). - βομβρύζων τονθορύζων, βοῶν; βομβρυνάζειν βρενθύεσθαι H. - Related βέμβιξ `whipping-top; insect'. Variants πέμφιξ, πομφόλυξ, where onom. and Pre-Greek charactertistics go together (note also -ῡκ- beside -ῑκ-).

Origin: ONOM [onomatopoia, and other elementary formations], PG [Pre-Greek]

Etymology: Onomatop. Cf. Lith. bim̃balas, Latv. bam̃bals `beetle', RussCS bubenъ `drum', Alb. bumbulit `thunder', ON bumla f. `drum'. Lat. bombus is a Gr. loan. - S. βολβός.

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